This month we here at the Cocktail Club took a step back from mixed libations and tasted some straight brown liquor. Scotch is such a broad subject, it’s hard to cover everything with one tasting, but I put together this lesson plan as a Scotch 101 for novice and seasoned Scotch drinkers alike. Scotch styles, like wine, depend on location and regional tastes, so I attempted to cover the major areas of Scotland and we tasted some of the lesser known Scotches out there. With each distillery having their own individual rich history, one could easy spend 2 hours on an individual brand, but I tried to spread out the flavor profiles with a few of my choices.
* I accumulated much of this info from other online sources.
Scotch whisky–SOME DEFINING TERMS
Single malt – 100% malted barley from one distillery, distilled in batches in pot stills
Single grain – single distillery, water and malted barley w/ or w/o the frains of other cereals
Vatted malt (or pure malt) – blend of single malts, from more than one distellry
Blended grain whisky — mixing grain whiskies from more than one distillery
Blended Scotch whisky – mix of single malt and grain whisky, distilled at more than one distillery
Writings of the 1st distillation were those of Friar John Cor, 1495
Single grain
The majority of grain whisky produced in Scotland goes to make blended Scotch whisky. The average blended whisky is 60%–85% grain whisky. Some higher quality grain whisky from a single distillery is bottled as single grain whisky. As of 2006, there are only seven grain whisky distilleries in Scotland.
Vatted / Blended malt
Vatted malt whisky—also called pure malt—is one of the less common types of Scotch: a blend of single malts from more than one distillery and with differing ages. Vatted malts contain only malt whiskies—no grain whiskies—and are usually distinguished from other types of whisky by the absence of the word ‘single’ before ‘malt’ on the bottle, and the absence of a distillery name. To qualify as a Vatted Malt, the mixed single malt whiskies are matured in the barrel for 1 year, after which the age of the vat is that of the youngest of the original ingredients. A vatted malt marked “8 years old” will include older whiskies, the youngest constituent was 8 years old before vatting.
Blended (heather & honey)
Blended Scotch whisky constitutes over 90% of the whisky produced in Scotland. Blended Scotch whiskies contain both malt whisky and grain whisky. They were initially created as an alternative to single malt whiskies which were considered by some to be too harsh. Master blenders combine the various malts and grain whiskies to produce a consistent “brand style”. Notable blended Scotch whisky brands include Dewar’s, Johnnie Walker, Cutty Sark, J&B, The Famous Grouse, and Chivas Regal.
Dewar’s Distilleries
~Aberfeldy is the home of the Aberfeldy 12 and Aberfeldy 21 single malt Scotch Whiskies. The distillery is located where Perthshire’s highest mountain, deepest loch, and longest glen meet, and is historically and geographically the ‘Heart of Scotland’. ~Aultmore is located in a remote part of the Speyside region of Scotland. This distillery was purchased by John Dewar from Alexander Edwards in the 1920s. Around Aultmore, the Foggie Moss provides a water source for the distillery.
~Craigellachie is located in the whisky region of Spey and was founded in 1891. It stands on a hill overlooking the Rock of Craigellachie, the River Spey and Thomas Telfords’ single span Iron Bridge of 1815. The distillery uses a spring on Little Conval Hill as their water source.
~Macduff is located in the Speyside whisky region of Scotland and was founded in 1962. It is located on the ancient River Deveron and the distillery pulls its water from the Gelly Burn. Whisky has been produced here for centuries, with records dating back to the 1700s.
~Royal Brackla is located in the Highland region of Scotland and was the first distillery to receive a royal warrant. It is near Cawdor and Macbeth country. The distillery was founded in 1812 by Captain William Fraser. Royal Brackla draws its water from the Cowdor Burn.
Dewar’s 12 is another blended Scotch Whisky that contains a mixture of different 12 year old malt and grain Scotch whiskies. Dewar’s 12 brand was first created by Dewar’s sixth master blender, Tom Aitkens. This particular blend uses the “marrying process,” which is an extra period occurring after the different blends from the various regions of Scotland have been combined. The blend sits in reserved oak casks, allowing the different flavours and aromas to harmonise in order to achieve the Dewar’s 12 blend. A.J. Cameron first pioneered this technique of lengthening the resting process in order to truly homogenize the different qualities of the various whiskies within the different blends. The palate of this particular blend has been characterized as “rich, fruity sweetness…with a hint of oak.
Chivas Regal is a premium Scotch whisky produced by Chivas Brothers, owned by Pernod Ricard. According to the bottle label it was founded in 1801 in Aberdeen, Scotland. The Chivas brand’s home is Strathisla Distillery at Keith, Moray in Speyside, Scotland.
Chivas Regal is one of the best selling premium whiskies in the world, available in over 200 countries. It is the best selling premium Scotch whisky in Europe and Asia Pacific and is rated one of the world’s most powerful spirits brands. Chivas Regal is one of the best performing spirits brands globally, with sales having grown by 61% between 2002 and 2008.
Chivas Regal whiskies are blended in a distinctive house style of a mellow, honeyed flavor.
~Chivas Regal 12 Year Old: Blended from whiskies matured for at least 12 years. A smooth whisky with a honeyed, mellow taste.
~Chivas Regal 18 Year Old: Blended from whiskies matured for at least 18 years. Chocolate and orange notes, some citrus and spice on the nose and a full, fruity, citrusy and spicy palate, with sherry notes to finish.
~Chivas Regal 25 Year Old: Created using whiskies aged at least 25 years; available only in limited quantities with a retail price of c$300. The blend has tasting notes of apricot and peach.
Speyside + Balvenie – cask: bourbon, finishing type: sherry, port
~Speyside Single Malt, distilled in Strathspey (NE Scotland), home to Glennfiddich and Glenlivet (bourbon, finished in French oak) and more distilleries than any area in Scotland
~Speyside “heather-honeyish” flaor profile
~1893, first distillation
~2006 Intl. Spirits competition Gold medals, 6 gold, most ever
~PortWood 21 yr. – Gold & Best in Class 2009
Speyside + Aberlour – cask: bourbon, finishing type: sherry, bourbon
~Speyside - Aberlour is particularly influenced by its water source, flowing from Ben Rinnes, through the local peat and granite of the Lour valley and on to the distillery. It picks up scarce mineral deposits along its journey resulting in naturally soft water. This water is used in all stages of production, and lends Aberlour its smooth, delicate character.
~1826, fire-rebuilt 1879
Speyside + Strathisla– cask: bourbon, American White oak, finishing type: mainly bourbon
~Speyside - Originally founded in 1789 as the Milltown Distillery, is the oldest continuously operating distillery in Scotland. It was established by George Taylor, as an alternative to the waning industry of flax dressing. In 1879, the distillery suffered terribly from a fire, but was rebuilt with a bottling plant. ~Acquired in 1942 by James Barclay of Chivas Bros.
Highland + Dalwhinnie
Dalwhinnie distillery, in the Highland village of Dalwhinnie in Scotland, produces Single malt Scotch whisky, classified among the Highland Single Malts. The distillery was founded with the name of the town it is near, Strathspey, in the late 1890s. The site was chosen for its access to clear spring water from Lochan-Doire-Uaine and abundant peat from the surrounding bogs. Set in splendid mountain scenery, Dalwhinnie is the highest distillery in Scotland. The name Dalwhinnie means meeting place, which refers to the meeting of ancient cattle drovers’ routes through the mountains.
In 1897, John Grant, George Sellar and Alexander Mackenzie founded the Strathspey distillery. Production started in 1898 but unfortunately the society was bankrupt the same year. The distillery was sold to A.P. Blyth in 1898 for his son who renamed it Dalwhinnie. Later, in 1905, the American Cook & Bernheimer took control over the distillery. The American distiller was looking for malts to produce blended whiskies for the American market. This is the very first American investment in the Scotch whisky industry. The American adventure continued until the prohibition in the United States in 1920, and the distillery returned to the Scottish fold by the buying up by Lord James Calder, shareholder of MacDonald Greenlees, a whisky blender. After MacDonald Greenlees has been taken over by the Distillers Company Limited, Dalwhinnie became part of another blenders group, James Buchanan, famous for his Black & White blended whisky.
A fire in 1934 stopped production for 3 years, and the reopening in 1938 was short-lived because the second world war brought restrictions on the supply of barley. Since reopening in 1947, the distillery has continued to operate through to the present day, although on-site malting ceased in 1968.
Dalwhinnie has become famous worldwide because it is marketed by its owners, United Distillers, under their Classic Malts brand, launched in 1988. Despite this, only 10% of the production is marketed as single malt, the remaining being used in the Black & White blends.
Highland + Dalmore
The Dalmore is a single malt scotch whisky distilled in Alness, Scotland, about 20 miles north of Inverness. The waters of the River Alness (River Averon), which runs through the village, are used to produce the Dalmore. Its location and flavour qualify it as a “Highland malt.”
The Distillery was established in 1839 by Alexander Matheson, a trader who made his fortune in illegal opium imports from the Far East. It sits on the banks of the Cromarty Firth overlooking the Black Isle, the “big meadowland,” from which it takes its name. The distillery was bought by the MacKenzie family in 1886.
It has been passed down that in 1263, a predecessor of the Clan MacKenzie saved King Alexander III from a rampaging stag whilst out hunting. In reward, the King allowed the him to bear the Royal emblem of a 12-pointed stag in his coat of arms. Recently, the MacKenzie motto Luceo non Uro or I shine, not burn has also been taken up by Dalmore. In a renewed effort to popularise the brand, the packaging was recently re-designed, which includes the addition of the Dalmore’s ‘twelve-pronged stag’ from the clan crest on each bottle.
The award-winning Dalmore Single Highland Malt Whisky Collection is matured in a wooden casks (either sherry wood or American white oak) which, along with the years and the climate, contributes to the flavour of each malt.
The Dalmore is aimed at both the mainstream and high-class markets. ‘The 50′ is the oldest, and most expensive, whisky sold by the distillery, and only available 10cl bottles, of which only 242 were produced. Alongside this is ‘the 40′ which won gold at the International Wine and Spirit Challenge Awards in both 2007 and 2008.
On the 15th April 2005, a bottle of 62 year old Dalmore was sold at auction for a record breaking £32,000. The blend was a mix of 5 casks, from 1868, 1878, 1922, 1926 and 1939. Only 12 bottles were produced
Lowland + Glekinchie
Glenkinchie lies, as the name might suggest, in a glen of the Kinchie Burn near the village of Pencaitland, East Lothian. It is situated about 15 miles from Edinburgh. The distillery is set in farmland. The name ‘Kinchie’ is a corruption of ‘De Quincy’, the original owners of the land. Its origins date back to around 1825 when it was founded by brothers John and George Rate. The original name was Milton Distillery. The brothers probably renamed it in about 1837. In 1969 the distillery stopped malting its own grain and the malting floors were turned into a museum of malt whisky.
The Glenkinchie label was relatively little known until 1989, when United Distillers started marketing it under their Classic Malts brand.
The standard 10 year old Glenkinchie is a fairly typical lowland whisky in that it is fresh and light in character, with notes of lemon and cut grass. A sweet nose and a hint of peat make this a good introduction to the world of single malts.
The 14 year old Distiller’s Edition is double-matured in Amontillado sherry casks. The sherry flavour competes slightly with the freshness but does not overpower it.
Isley + Bowmore – cask: American oak, finishing type: sherry
1779, means “great reef or sea rock”
The Bowmore Distillery was allegedly established in 1779 by a local merchant, John P. Simpson, before passing into the ownership of the Mutter family, a family of German descent. James Mutter, head of the family, also had farming interests and was Vice Consul representing the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Brazil, through their Glasgow consulates. There are no records that pinpoint the date Mutter acquired the distillery from Simpson. Mutter would introduce a number of innovative processes to the distillery during his tenure, and even had a small iron steam ship built to import barley and coal from the mainland, and to export the whisky to Glasgow. A bottle of Bowmore Single Malt sold at auction in September 2007 for £29,400.
The distillery was bought from the Mutter family in 1925 by J.B. Sheriff & Co. and remained under their ownership until being purchased by Inverness-based William Grigor & Son, Ltd. in 1950.
The distillery, like most in Scotland, was mothballed during the World Wars, with the Bowmore Distillery hosting the RAF Coastal Command for much of World War II, Coastal Command operated flying boats from Loch Indaal on Anti-submarine warfare missions.
Isley (eye-LUH) - Bowmore Distillery sources as much barley as possible from on the island of Islay, however there are insufficient quantities produced to satisfy the distillery’s demand, and barley is also imported from the mainland. The distillery retains a traditional floor malting but this also lacks sufficient capacity and the barley imported from the mainland is normally already malted.
The distillery has an annual capacity of 2,000,000 litres, with fermentation undertaken in traditional wooden washbacks, before the liquid is passed through 2 wash stills and then through 2 spirit stills.
The waste heat from the distillation process goes to heat a nearby public swimming pool which was built in one of the distilleries former warehouses.
Morrison Bowmore bottles all whisky produced at Bowmore Distillery and their other distilleries at a facility in Springburn, Glasgow
Isley + Lagavulin – cask: bourbon, finishing type: sherry
Lagavulin Single Malt is a single malt Scotch whisky produced at Lagavulin on the island of Islay. It has a powerful, peat-smoke aroma. It is described as being robustly full-bodied, well balanced, and smooth, with a slight sweetness on the palate.
The standard Lagavulin single malt is 16 years old (43%), though they regularly release a 12-year-old cask strength variety, Distiller’s edition, finished in Pedro Ximénez casks, as well as 25- and 30-year-old varieties. A recent 21-year-old bottling, matured solely in first-fill sherry casks, has been extremely well received by enthusiasts. Lagavulin is produced by White Horse Distillers, which is owned by United Distillers & Vintners, which in turn is owned by Diageo plc. It is marketed under their Classic Malts brand.
The name of Lagavulin is an anglicization of the Gaelic lag a’mhuilin, meaning “hollow by the mill”.
Isley + Laphroaig –cask: bourbon
1815, means “the beautiful hollow by the broad bay”
Laphroaig is considered one of the most strongly flavoured of all scotch whiskies, and is most frequently aged to 10 years, although the 15 and 18 year old varieties are common (the 27, 30 and 40 year olds however, are rare and expensive). In an attempt to re-create the taste of historic whiskies, Laphroaig carried out experiments. Recently the Laphroaig Quarter Cask has been introduced. By using smaller casks and by avoiding chill filtering, the Quarter Cask Single Malt is supposed to taste like the type of whisky that was distilled 100 years ago.
Until 2005, the standard 10 year old bottling contained an alcohol percentage of 43%, after which it was changed to the Scotch whisky standard of 40%.